feat: improve semantics error reporting

Also makes model seeds cancellable to reduce server load during semantic
analysis.

16 files changed, 123 insertions, 51 deletions

diff --git a/subprojects/store-reasoning/src/main/java/tools/refinery/store/reasoning/literal/ModalConstraint.java b/subprojects/store-reasoning/src/main/java/tools/refinery/store/reasoning/literal/ModalConstraint.java
index 6e0e91e1..2235a95d 100644
--- a/subprojects/store-reasoning/src/main/java/tools/refinery/store/reasoning/literal/ModalConstraint.java
+++ b/subprojects/store-reasoning/src/main/java/tools/refinery/store/reasoning/literal/ModalConstraint.java
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@
 package tools.refinery.store.reasoning.literal;
 
 import tools.refinery.store.query.Constraint;
+import tools.refinery.store.query.InvalidQueryException;
 import tools.refinery.store.query.equality.LiteralEqualityHelper;
 import tools.refinery.store.query.literal.Reduction;
 import tools.refinery.store.query.term.Parameter;
@@ -17,7 +18,7 @@ public record ModalConstraint(Modality modality, Concreteness concreteness, Cons
                 implements Constraint {
         public ModalConstraint {
                 if (constraint instanceof AnySymbolView || constraint instanceof ModalConstraint) {
-                        throw new IllegalArgumentException("Already concrete constraints cannot be abstracted");
+                        throw new InvalidQueryException("Already concrete constraints cannot be abstracted");
                 }
         }
 
diff --git a/subprojects/store-reasoning/src/main/java/tools/refinery/store/reasoning/literal/PartialLiterals.java b/subprojects/store-reasoning/src/main/java/tools/refinery/store/reasoning/literal/PartialLiterals.java
index 2c879397..2614c26e 100644
--- a/subprojects/store-reasoning/src/main/java/tools/refinery/store/reasoning/literal/PartialLiterals.java
+++ b/subprojects/store-reasoning/src/main/java/tools/refinery/store/reasoning/literal/PartialLiterals.java
@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@
  */
 package tools.refinery.store.reasoning.literal;
 
+import tools.refinery.store.query.InvalidQueryException;
 import tools.refinery.store.query.literal.CallLiteral;
 
 public final class PartialLiterals {
@@ -31,7 +32,7 @@ public final class PartialLiterals {
         public static CallLiteral addModality(CallLiteral literal, Modality modality, Concreteness concreteness) {
                 var target = literal.getTarget();
                 if (target instanceof ModalConstraint) {
-                        throw new IllegalArgumentException("Literal %s already has modality".formatted(literal));
+                        throw new InvalidQueryException("Literal %s already has modality".formatted(literal));
                 }
                 var polarity = literal.getPolarity();
                 var modalTarget = new ModalConstraint(modality.commute(polarity), concreteness, target);
diff --git a/subprojects/store-reasoning/src/main/java/tools/refinery/store/reasoning/seed/ModelSeed.java b/subprojects/store-reasoning/src/main/java/tools/refinery/store/reasoning/seed/ModelSeed.java
index 28e6258e..e6b3eaf9 100644
--- a/subprojects/store-reasoning/src/main/java/tools/refinery/store/reasoning/seed/ModelSeed.java
+++ b/subprojects/store-reasoning/src/main/java/tools/refinery/store/reasoning/seed/ModelSeed.java
@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@ import tools.refinery.store.tuple.Tuple;
 import java.util.Collections;
 import java.util.LinkedHashMap;
 import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.Set;
 import java.util.function.Consumer;
 
 public class ModelSeed {
@@ -43,6 +44,10 @@ public class ModelSeed {
                 return seeds.containsKey(symbol);
         }
 
+        public Set<AnyPartialSymbol> getSeededSymbols() {
+                return Collections.unmodifiableSet(seeds.keySet());
+        }
+
         public <A> Cursor<Tuple, A> getCursor(PartialSymbol<A, ?> partialSymbol, A defaultValue) {
                 return getSeed(partialSymbol).getCursor(defaultValue, nodeCount);
         }
diff --git a/subprojects/store-reasoning/src/main/java/tools/refinery/store/reasoning/translator/TranslationException.java b/subprojects/store-reasoning/src/main/java/tools/refinery/store/reasoning/translator/TranslationException.java
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..edb886ba
--- /dev/null
+++ b/subprojects/store-reasoning/src/main/java/tools/refinery/store/reasoning/translator/TranslationException.java
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+/*
+ * SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2023 The Refinery Authors <https://refinery.tools/>
+ *
+ * SPDX-License-Identifier: EPL-2.0
+ */
+package tools.refinery.store.reasoning.translator;
+
+import tools.refinery.store.reasoning.representation.AnyPartialSymbol;
+
+public class TranslationException extends RuntimeException {
+        private final transient AnyPartialSymbol partialSymbol;
+
+        public TranslationException(AnyPartialSymbol partialSymbol) {
+                this.partialSymbol = partialSymbol;
+        }
+
+        public TranslationException(AnyPartialSymbol partialSymbol, String message) {
+                super(message);
+                this.partialSymbol = partialSymbol;
+        }
+
+        public TranslationException(AnyPartialSymbol partialSymbol, String message, Throwable cause) {
+                super(message, cause);
+                this.partialSymbol = partialSymbol;
+        }
+
+        public TranslationException(AnyPartialSymbol partialSymbol, Throwable cause) {
+                super(cause);
+                this.partialSymbol = partialSymbol;
+        }
+
+        public AnyPartialSymbol getPartialSymbol() {
+                return partialSymbol;
+        }
+}
diff --git a/subprojects/store-reasoning/src/main/java/tools/refinery/store/reasoning/translator/containment/ContainmentInfo.java b/subprojects/store-reasoning/src/main/java/tools/refinery/store/reasoning/translator/containment/ContainmentInfo.java
index 1087e54d..e3457fa7 100644
--- a/subprojects/store-reasoning/src/main/java/tools/refinery/store/reasoning/translator/containment/ContainmentInfo.java
+++ b/subprojects/store-reasoning/src/main/java/tools/refinery/store/reasoning/translator/containment/ContainmentInfo.java
@@ -6,17 +6,18 @@
 package tools.refinery.store.reasoning.translator.containment;
 
 import tools.refinery.store.reasoning.representation.PartialRelation;
+import tools.refinery.store.reasoning.translator.TranslationException;
 import tools.refinery.store.reasoning.translator.multiplicity.Multiplicity;
 
 public record ContainmentInfo(PartialRelation sourceType, Multiplicity multiplicity,
                                                           PartialRelation targetType) {
         public ContainmentInfo {
                 if (sourceType.arity() != 1) {
-                        throw new IllegalArgumentException("Expected source type %s to be of arity 1, got %d instead"
-                                        .formatted(sourceType, sourceType.arity()));
+                        throw new TranslationException(sourceType, "Expected source type %s to be of arity 1, got %d instead"
+                                                        .formatted(sourceType, sourceType.arity()));
                 }
                 if (targetType.arity() != 1) {
-                        throw new IllegalArgumentException("Expected target type %s to be of arity 1, got %d instead"
+                        throw new TranslationException(targetType, "Expected target type %s to be of arity 1, got %d instead"
                                         .formatted(targetType, targetType.arity()));
                 }
         }
diff --git a/subprojects/store-reasoning/src/main/java/tools/refinery/store/reasoning/translator/metamodel/ContainedTypeHierarchyBuilder.java b/subprojects/store-reasoning/src/main/java/tools/refinery/store/reasoning/translator/metamodel/ContainedTypeHierarchyBuilder.java
index cc43bce6..a21da3d4 100644
--- a/subprojects/store-reasoning/src/main/java/tools/refinery/store/reasoning/translator/metamodel/ContainedTypeHierarchyBuilder.java
+++ b/subprojects/store-reasoning/src/main/java/tools/refinery/store/reasoning/translator/metamodel/ContainedTypeHierarchyBuilder.java
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@
 package tools.refinery.store.reasoning.translator.metamodel;
 
 import tools.refinery.store.reasoning.representation.PartialRelation;
+import tools.refinery.store.reasoning.translator.TranslationException;
 import tools.refinery.store.reasoning.translator.containment.ContainmentHierarchyTranslator;
 import tools.refinery.store.reasoning.translator.typehierarchy.TypeHierarchyBuilder;
 
@@ -23,7 +24,7 @@ public class ContainedTypeHierarchyBuilder extends TypeHierarchyBuilder {
                 for (var containedType : containedTypes) {
                         var currentInfo = typeInfoMap.get(containedType);
                         if (currentInfo == null) {
-                                throw new IllegalArgumentException("Invalid contained type: " + containedType);
+                                throw new TranslationException(containedType, "Invalid contained type: " + containedType);
                         }
                         var newInfo = currentInfo.addSupertype(ContainmentHierarchyTranslator.CONTAINED_SYMBOL);
                         typeInfoMap.put(containedType, newInfo);
diff --git a/subprojects/store-reasoning/src/main/java/tools/refinery/store/reasoning/translator/metamodel/MetamodelBuilder.java b/subprojects/store-reasoning/src/main/java/tools/refinery/store/reasoning/translator/metamodel/MetamodelBuilder.java
index d0732edc..ad0288ed 100644
--- a/subprojects/store-reasoning/src/main/java/tools/refinery/store/reasoning/translator/metamodel/MetamodelBuilder.java
+++ b/subprojects/store-reasoning/src/main/java/tools/refinery/store/reasoning/translator/metamodel/MetamodelBuilder.java
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@
 package tools.refinery.store.reasoning.translator.metamodel;
 
 import tools.refinery.store.reasoning.representation.PartialRelation;
+import tools.refinery.store.reasoning.translator.TranslationException;
 import tools.refinery.store.reasoning.translator.containment.ContainmentHierarchyTranslator;
 import tools.refinery.store.reasoning.translator.containment.ContainmentInfo;
 import tools.refinery.store.reasoning.translator.crossreference.DirectedCrossReferenceInfo;
@@ -13,7 +14,6 @@ import tools.refinery.store.reasoning.translator.crossreference.UndirectedCrossR
 import tools.refinery.store.reasoning.translator.multiplicity.Multiplicity;
 import tools.refinery.store.reasoning.translator.multiplicity.UnconstrainedMultiplicity;
 import tools.refinery.store.reasoning.translator.typehierarchy.TypeInfo;
-import tools.refinery.store.representation.cardinality.CardinalityIntervals;
 
 import java.util.*;
 
@@ -70,12 +70,13 @@ public class MetamodelBuilder {
 
         public MetamodelBuilder reference(PartialRelation linkType, ReferenceInfo info) {
                 if (linkType.arity() != 2) {
-                        throw new IllegalArgumentException("Only references of arity 2 are supported, got %s with %d instead"
-                                        .formatted(linkType, linkType.arity()));
+                        throw new TranslationException(linkType,
+                                        "Only references of arity 2 are supported, got %s with %d instead".formatted(
+                                                        linkType, linkType.arity()));
                 }
                 var putResult = referenceInfoMap.put(linkType, info);
                 if (putResult != null && !putResult.equals(info)) {
-                        throw new IllegalArgumentException("Duplicate reference info for partial relation: " + linkType);
+                        throw new TranslationException(linkType, "Duplicate reference info for partial relation: " + linkType);
                 }
                 return this;
         }
@@ -154,11 +155,11 @@ public class MetamodelBuilder {
                 var sourceType = info.sourceType();
                 var targetType = info.targetType();
                 if (typeHierarchyBuilder.isInvalidType(sourceType)) {
-                        throw new IllegalArgumentException("Source type %s of %s is not in type hierarchy"
+                        throw new TranslationException(linkType, "Source type %s of %s is not in type hierarchy"
                                         .formatted(sourceType, linkType));
                 }
                 if (typeHierarchyBuilder.isInvalidType(targetType)) {
-                        throw new IllegalArgumentException("Target type %s of %s is not in type hierarchy"
+                        throw new TranslationException(linkType, "Target type %s of %s is not in type hierarchy"
                                         .formatted(targetType, linkType));
                 }
                 var opposite = info.opposite();
@@ -173,8 +174,9 @@ public class MetamodelBuilder {
                         }
                         if (opposite.equals(linkType)) {
                                 if (!sourceType.equals(targetType)) {
-                                        throw new IllegalArgumentException("Target %s of undirected reference %s differs from source %s"
-                                                        .formatted(targetType, linkType, sourceType));
+                                        throw new TranslationException(linkType,
+                                                        "Target %s of undirected reference %s differs from source %s".formatted(
+                                                                        targetType, linkType, sourceType));
                                 }
                                 undirectedCrossReferences.put(linkType, new UndirectedCrossReferenceInfo(sourceType,
                                                 info.multiplicity()));
@@ -183,8 +185,8 @@ public class MetamodelBuilder {
                         oppositeReferences.put(opposite, linkType);
                 }
                 if (info.containment()) {
-                        if (targetMultiplicity.multiplicity().meet(CardinalityIntervals.ONE).isEmpty()) {
-                                throw new IllegalArgumentException("Invalid opposite %s with multiplicity %s of containment %s"
+                        if (!UnconstrainedMultiplicity.INSTANCE.equals(targetMultiplicity)) {
+                                throw new TranslationException(opposite, "Invalid opposite %s with multiplicity %s of containment %s"
                                                 .formatted(opposite, targetMultiplicity, linkType));
                         }
                         containedTypes.add(targetType);
@@ -200,23 +202,23 @@ public class MetamodelBuilder {
                 var sourceType = info.sourceType();
                 var targetType = info.targetType();
                 if (oppositeInfo == null) {
-                        throw new IllegalArgumentException("Opposite %s of %s is not defined"
+                        throw new TranslationException(linkType, "Opposite %s of %s is not defined"
                                         .formatted(opposite, linkType));
                 }
                 if (!linkType.equals(oppositeInfo.opposite())) {
-                        throw new IllegalArgumentException("Expected %s to have opposite %s, got %s instead"
+                        throw new TranslationException(opposite, "Expected %s to have opposite %s, got %s instead"
                                         .formatted(opposite, linkType, oppositeInfo.opposite()));
                 }
                 if (!targetType.equals(oppositeInfo.sourceType())) {
-                        throw new IllegalArgumentException("Expected %s to have source type %s, got %s instead"
+                        throw new TranslationException(linkType, "Expected %s to have source type %s, got %s instead"
                                         .formatted(opposite, targetType, oppositeInfo.sourceType()));
                 }
                 if (!sourceType.equals(oppositeInfo.targetType())) {
-                        throw new IllegalArgumentException("Expected %s to have target type %s, got %s instead"
+                        throw new TranslationException(linkType, "Expected %s to have target type %s, got %s instead"
                                         .formatted(opposite, sourceType, oppositeInfo.targetType()));
                 }
                 if (oppositeInfo.containment() && info.containment()) {
-                        throw new IllegalArgumentException("Opposite %s of containment %s cannot be containment"
+                        throw new TranslationException(opposite, "Opposite %s of containment %s cannot be containment"
                                         .formatted(opposite, linkType));
                 }
         }
diff --git a/subprojects/store-reasoning/src/main/java/tools/refinery/store/reasoning/translator/multiobject/MultiObjectInitializer.java b/subprojects/store-reasoning/src/main/java/tools/refinery/store/reasoning/translator/multiobject/MultiObjectInitializer.java
index fb84631d..f11ab46b 100644
--- a/subprojects/store-reasoning/src/main/java/tools/refinery/store/reasoning/translator/multiobject/MultiObjectInitializer.java
+++ b/subprojects/store-reasoning/src/main/java/tools/refinery/store/reasoning/translator/multiobject/MultiObjectInitializer.java
@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@ import tools.refinery.store.model.Model;
 import tools.refinery.store.reasoning.ReasoningAdapter;
 import tools.refinery.store.reasoning.refinement.PartialModelInitializer;
 import tools.refinery.store.reasoning.seed.ModelSeed;
+import tools.refinery.store.reasoning.translator.TranslationException;
 import tools.refinery.store.representation.Symbol;
 import tools.refinery.store.representation.TruthValue;
 import tools.refinery.store.representation.cardinality.CardinalityInterval;
@@ -37,7 +38,8 @@ class MultiObjectInitializer implements PartialModelInitializer {
                 for (int i = 0; i < intervals.length; i++) {
                         var interval = intervals[i];
                         if (interval.isEmpty()) {
-                                throw new IllegalArgumentException("Inconsistent existence or equality for node " + i);
+                                throw new TranslationException(ReasoningAdapter.EXISTS_SYMBOL,
+                                                "Inconsistent existence or equality for node " + i);
                         }
                         var uniqueInterval = uniqueTable.computeIfAbsent(intervals[i], Function.identity());
                         countInterpretation.put(Tuple.of(i), uniqueInterval);
@@ -58,9 +60,10 @@ class MultiObjectInitializer implements PartialModelInitializer {
                 } else {
                         Arrays.fill(intervals, CardinalityIntervals.SET);
                         if (!modelSeed.containsSeed(ReasoningAdapter.EXISTS_SYMBOL) ||
-                                !modelSeed.containsSeed(ReasoningAdapter.EQUALS_SYMBOL)) {
-                                throw new IllegalArgumentException("Seed for %s and %s is required if there is no seed for %s"
-                                                .formatted(ReasoningAdapter.EXISTS_SYMBOL, ReasoningAdapter.EQUALS_SYMBOL,
+                                        !modelSeed.containsSeed(ReasoningAdapter.EQUALS_SYMBOL)) {
+                                throw new TranslationException(MultiObjectTranslator.COUNT_SYMBOL,
+                                                "Seed for %s and %s is required if there is no seed for %s".formatted(
+                                                                ReasoningAdapter.EXISTS_SYMBOL, ReasoningAdapter.EQUALS_SYMBOL,
                                                                 MultiObjectTranslator.COUNT_SYMBOL));
                         }
                 }
@@ -78,9 +81,10 @@ class MultiObjectInitializer implements PartialModelInitializer {
                         switch (cursor.getValue()) {
                         case TRUE -> intervals[i] = intervals[i].meet(CardinalityIntervals.SOME);
                         case FALSE -> intervals[i] = intervals[i].meet(CardinalityIntervals.NONE);
-                        case ERROR -> throw new IllegalArgumentException("Inconsistent existence for node " + i);
-                        default -> throw new IllegalArgumentException("Invalid existence truth value %s for node %d"
-                                        .formatted(cursor.getValue(), i));
+                        case ERROR -> throw new TranslationException(ReasoningAdapter.EXISTS_SYMBOL,
+                                        "Inconsistent existence for node " + i);
+                        default -> throw new TranslationException(ReasoningAdapter.EXISTS_SYMBOL,
+                                        "Invalid existence truth value %s for node %d".formatted(cursor.getValue(), i));
                         }
                 }
         }
@@ -96,8 +100,8 @@ class MultiObjectInitializer implements PartialModelInitializer {
                         int i = key.get(0);
                         int otherIndex = key.get(1);
                         if (i != otherIndex) {
-                                throw new IllegalArgumentException("Off-diagonal equivalence (%d, %d) is not permitted"
-                                                .formatted(i, otherIndex));
+                                throw new TranslationException(ReasoningAdapter.EQUALS_SYMBOL,
+                                                "Off-diagonal equivalence (%d, %d) is not permitted".formatted(i, otherIndex));
                         }
                         checkNodeId(intervals, i);
                         switch (cursor.getValue()) {
@@ -105,14 +109,15 @@ class MultiObjectInitializer implements PartialModelInitializer {
                         case UNKNOWN -> {
                                 // Nothing do to, {@code intervals} is initialized with unknown equality.
                         }
-                        case ERROR -> throw new IllegalArgumentException("Inconsistent equality for node " + i);
-                        default -> throw new IllegalArgumentException("Invalid equality truth value %s for node %d"
-                                        .formatted(cursor.getValue(), i));
+                        case ERROR -> throw new TranslationException(ReasoningAdapter.EQUALS_SYMBOL,
+                                        "Inconsistent equality for node " + i);
+                        default -> throw new TranslationException(ReasoningAdapter.EQUALS_SYMBOL,
+                                        "Invalid equality truth value %s for node %d".formatted(cursor.getValue(), i));
                         }
                 }
                 for (int i = 0; i < intervals.length; i++) {
                         if (seed.get(Tuple.of(i, i)) == TruthValue.FALSE) {
-                                throw new IllegalArgumentException("Inconsistent equality for node " + i);
+                                throw new TranslationException(ReasoningAdapter.EQUALS_SYMBOL, "Inconsistent equality for node " + i);
                         }
                 }
         }
diff --git a/subprojects/store-reasoning/src/main/java/tools/refinery/store/reasoning/translator/multiplicity/ConstrainedMultiplicity.java b/subprojects/store-reasoning/src/main/java/tools/refinery/store/reasoning/translator/multiplicity/ConstrainedMultiplicity.java
index e441e41e..9db9cc96 100644
--- a/subprojects/store-reasoning/src/main/java/tools/refinery/store/reasoning/translator/multiplicity/ConstrainedMultiplicity.java
+++ b/subprojects/store-reasoning/src/main/java/tools/refinery/store/reasoning/translator/multiplicity/ConstrainedMultiplicity.java
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@
 package tools.refinery.store.reasoning.translator.multiplicity;
 
 import tools.refinery.store.reasoning.representation.PartialRelation;
+import tools.refinery.store.reasoning.translator.TranslationException;
 import tools.refinery.store.representation.cardinality.CardinalityInterval;
 import tools.refinery.store.representation.cardinality.CardinalityIntervals;
 import tools.refinery.store.representation.cardinality.NonEmptyCardinalityInterval;
@@ -14,17 +15,17 @@ public record ConstrainedMultiplicity(NonEmptyCardinalityInterval multiplicity,
                 implements Multiplicity {
         public ConstrainedMultiplicity {
                 if (multiplicity.equals(CardinalityIntervals.SET)) {
-                        throw new IllegalArgumentException("Expected a constrained cardinality interval");
+                        throw new TranslationException(errorSymbol, "Expected a constrained cardinality interval");
                 }
                 if (errorSymbol.arity() != 1) {
-                        throw new IllegalArgumentException("Expected error symbol %s to have arity 1, got %d instead"
+                        throw new TranslationException(errorSymbol, "Expected error symbol %s to have arity 1, got %d instead"
                                         .formatted(errorSymbol, errorSymbol.arity()));
                 }
         }
 
         public static ConstrainedMultiplicity of(CardinalityInterval multiplicity, PartialRelation errorSymbol) {
                 if (!(multiplicity instanceof NonEmptyCardinalityInterval nonEmptyCardinalityInterval)) {
-                        throw new IllegalArgumentException("Inconsistent multiplicity");
+                        throw new TranslationException(errorSymbol, "Inconsistent multiplicity");
                 }
                 return new ConstrainedMultiplicity(nonEmptyCardinalityInterval, errorSymbol);
         }
diff --git a/subprojects/store-reasoning/src/main/java/tools/refinery/store/reasoning/translator/multiplicity/InvalidMultiplicityErrorTranslator.java b/subprojects/store-reasoning/src/main/java/tools/refinery/store/reasoning/translator/multiplicity/InvalidMultiplicityErrorTranslator.java
index 522d8455..c5e5e83e 100644
--- a/subprojects/store-reasoning/src/main/java/tools/refinery/store/reasoning/translator/multiplicity/InvalidMultiplicityErrorTranslator.java
+++ b/subprojects/store-reasoning/src/main/java/tools/refinery/store/reasoning/translator/multiplicity/InvalidMultiplicityErrorTranslator.java
@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@ import tools.refinery.store.reasoning.lifting.DnfLifter;
 import tools.refinery.store.reasoning.literal.*;
 import tools.refinery.store.reasoning.representation.PartialRelation;
 import tools.refinery.store.reasoning.translator.PartialRelationTranslator;
+import tools.refinery.store.reasoning.translator.TranslationException;
 import tools.refinery.store.representation.cardinality.FiniteUpperCardinality;
 import tools.refinery.store.representation.cardinality.UpperCardinalities;
 import tools.refinery.store.representation.cardinality.UpperCardinality;
@@ -36,11 +37,11 @@ public class InvalidMultiplicityErrorTranslator implements ModelStoreConfigurati
         public InvalidMultiplicityErrorTranslator(PartialRelation nodeType, PartialRelation linkType,
                                                                                           boolean inverse, Multiplicity multiplicity) {
                 if (nodeType.arity() != 1) {
-                        throw new IllegalArgumentException("Node type must be of arity 1, got %s with arity %d instead"
+                        throw new TranslationException(linkType, "Node type must be of arity 1, got %s with arity %d instead"
                                         .formatted(nodeType, nodeType.arity()));
                 }
                 if (linkType.arity() != 2) {
-                        throw new IllegalArgumentException("Link type must be of arity 2, got %s with arity %d instead"
+                        throw new TranslationException(linkType, "Link type must be of arity 2, got %s with arity %d instead"
                                         .formatted(linkType, linkType.arity()));
                 }
                 this.nodeType = nodeType;
diff --git a/subprojects/store-reasoning/src/main/java/tools/refinery/store/reasoning/translator/opposite/OppositeRelationTranslator.java b/subprojects/store-reasoning/src/main/java/tools/refinery/store/reasoning/translator/opposite/OppositeRelationTranslator.java
index b25b9d7d..6e15a628 100644
--- a/subprojects/store-reasoning/src/main/java/tools/refinery/store/reasoning/translator/opposite/OppositeRelationTranslator.java
+++ b/subprojects/store-reasoning/src/main/java/tools/refinery/store/reasoning/translator/opposite/OppositeRelationTranslator.java
@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@ import tools.refinery.store.reasoning.literal.Modality;
 import tools.refinery.store.reasoning.refinement.RefinementBasedInitializer;
 import tools.refinery.store.reasoning.representation.PartialRelation;
 import tools.refinery.store.reasoning.translator.PartialRelationTranslator;
+import tools.refinery.store.reasoning.translator.TranslationException;
 
 import java.util.List;
 import java.util.Set;
@@ -26,6 +27,16 @@ public class OppositeRelationTranslator implements ModelStoreConfiguration, Part
         private final PartialRelation opposite;
 
         public OppositeRelationTranslator(PartialRelation linkType, PartialRelation opposite) {
+                if (linkType.arity() != 2) {
+                        throw new TranslationException(linkType,
+                                        "Expected relation with opposite %s to have arity 2, got %d instead"
+                                                        .formatted(linkType, linkType.arity()));
+                }
+                if (opposite.arity() != 2) {
+                        throw new TranslationException(linkType,
+                                        "Expected opposite %s of %s to have arity 2, got %d instead"
+                                                        .formatted(opposite, linkType, opposite.arity()));
+                }
                 this.linkType = linkType;
                 this.opposite = opposite;
         }
diff --git a/subprojects/store-reasoning/src/main/java/tools/refinery/store/reasoning/translator/predicate/PredicateTranslator.java b/subprojects/store-reasoning/src/main/java/tools/refinery/store/reasoning/translator/predicate/PredicateTranslator.java
index ee022f2d..16745da1 100644
--- a/subprojects/store-reasoning/src/main/java/tools/refinery/store/reasoning/translator/predicate/PredicateTranslator.java
+++ b/subprojects/store-reasoning/src/main/java/tools/refinery/store/reasoning/translator/predicate/PredicateTranslator.java
@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@ import tools.refinery.store.query.view.MayView;
 import tools.refinery.store.query.view.MustView;
 import tools.refinery.store.reasoning.representation.PartialRelation;
 import tools.refinery.store.reasoning.translator.PartialRelationTranslator;
+import tools.refinery.store.reasoning.translator.TranslationException;
 import tools.refinery.store.representation.Symbol;
 import tools.refinery.store.representation.TruthValue;
 
@@ -33,11 +34,11 @@ public class PredicateTranslator implements ModelStoreConfiguration {
         public PredicateTranslator(PartialRelation relation, RelationalQuery query, boolean mutable,
                                                            TruthValue defaultValue) {
                 if (relation.arity() != query.arity()) {
-                        throw new IllegalArgumentException("Expected arity %d query for partial relation %s, got %d instead"
+                        throw new TranslationException(relation, "Expected arity %d query for partial relation %s, got %d instead"
                                         .formatted(relation.arity(), relation, query.arity()));
                 }
                 if (defaultValue.must()) {
-                        throw new IllegalArgumentException("Default value must be UNKNOWN or FALSE");
+                        throw new TranslationException(relation, "Default value must be UNKNOWN or FALSE");
                 }
                 this.relation = relation;
                 this.query = query;
diff --git a/subprojects/store-reasoning/src/main/java/tools/refinery/store/reasoning/translator/typehierarchy/TypeHierarchy.java b/subprojects/store-reasoning/src/main/java/tools/refinery/store/reasoning/translator/typehierarchy/TypeHierarchy.java
index 35ec54ad..3f918c97 100644
--- a/subprojects/store-reasoning/src/main/java/tools/refinery/store/reasoning/translator/typehierarchy/TypeHierarchy.java
+++ b/subprojects/store-reasoning/src/main/java/tools/refinery/store/reasoning/translator/typehierarchy/TypeHierarchy.java
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@
 package tools.refinery.store.reasoning.translator.typehierarchy;
 
 import tools.refinery.store.reasoning.representation.PartialRelation;
+import tools.refinery.store.reasoning.translator.TranslationException;
 
 import java.util.*;
 
@@ -81,8 +82,9 @@ public class TypeHierarchy {
                                 for (var supertype : allSupertypes) {
                                         var supertypeInfo = extendedTypeInfoMap.get(supertype);
                                         if (supertypeInfo == null) {
-                                                throw new IllegalArgumentException("Supertype %s of %s is missing from the type hierarchy"
-                                                                .formatted(supertype, extendedTypeInfo.getType()));
+                                                throw new TranslationException(extendedTypeInfo.getType(),
+                                                                "Supertype %s of %s is missing from the type hierarchy"
+                                                                                .formatted(supertype, extendedTypeInfo.getType()));
                                         }
                                         found.addAll(supertypeInfo.getAllSupertypes());
                                 }
@@ -101,7 +103,7 @@ public class TypeHierarchy {
                         }
                         for (var supertype : extendedTypeInfo.getAllSupertypes()) {
                                 if (type.equals(supertype)) {
-                                        throw new IllegalArgumentException("%s cannot be a supertype of itself".formatted(type));
+                                        throw new TranslationException(type, "%s cannot be a supertype of itself".formatted(type));
                                 }
                                 var supertypeInfo = extendedTypeInfoMap.get(supertype);
                                 supertypeInfo.getAllSubtypes().add(type);
diff --git a/subprojects/store-reasoning/src/main/java/tools/refinery/store/reasoning/translator/typehierarchy/TypeHierarchyBuilder.java b/subprojects/store-reasoning/src/main/java/tools/refinery/store/reasoning/translator/typehierarchy/TypeHierarchyBuilder.java
index 36efb878..ce8fda05 100644
--- a/subprojects/store-reasoning/src/main/java/tools/refinery/store/reasoning/translator/typehierarchy/TypeHierarchyBuilder.java
+++ b/subprojects/store-reasoning/src/main/java/tools/refinery/store/reasoning/translator/typehierarchy/TypeHierarchyBuilder.java
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@
 package tools.refinery.store.reasoning.translator.typehierarchy;
 
 import tools.refinery.store.reasoning.representation.PartialRelation;
+import tools.refinery.store.reasoning.translator.TranslationException;
 
 import java.util.*;
 
@@ -18,12 +19,14 @@ public class TypeHierarchyBuilder {
 
         public TypeHierarchyBuilder type(PartialRelation partialRelation, TypeInfo typeInfo) {
                 if (partialRelation.arity() != 1) {
-                        throw new IllegalArgumentException("Only types of arity 1 are supported, got %s with %d instead"
-                                        .formatted(partialRelation, partialRelation.arity()));
+                        throw new TranslationException(partialRelation,
+                                        "Only types of arity 1 are supported, got %s with %d instead"
+                                                        .formatted(partialRelation, partialRelation.arity()));
                 }
                 var putResult = typeInfoMap.put(partialRelation, typeInfo);
                 if (putResult != null && !putResult.equals(typeInfo)) {
-                        throw new IllegalArgumentException("Duplicate type info for partial relation: " + partialRelation);
+                        throw new TranslationException(partialRelation,
+                                        "Duplicate type info for partial relation: " + partialRelation);
                 }
                 return this;
         }
diff --git a/subprojects/store-reasoning/src/test/java/tools/refinery/store/reasoning/translator/metamodel/MetamodelBuilderTest.java b/subprojects/store-reasoning/src/test/java/tools/refinery/store/reasoning/translator/metamodel/MetamodelBuilderTest.java
index 115ba8cd..0f1a1006 100644
--- a/subprojects/store-reasoning/src/test/java/tools/refinery/store/reasoning/translator/metamodel/MetamodelBuilderTest.java
+++ b/subprojects/store-reasoning/src/test/java/tools/refinery/store/reasoning/translator/metamodel/MetamodelBuilderTest.java
@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ package tools.refinery.store.reasoning.translator.metamodel;
 
 import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
 import tools.refinery.store.reasoning.representation.PartialRelation;
+import tools.refinery.store.reasoning.translator.TranslationException;
 import tools.refinery.store.reasoning.translator.multiplicity.ConstrainedMultiplicity;
 import tools.refinery.store.representation.cardinality.CardinalityIntervals;
 
@@ -26,7 +27,7 @@ class MetamodelBuilderTest {
                                 .reference(courses, university, course, location)
                                 .reference(location, course, university);
 
-                assertThrows(IllegalArgumentException.class, builder::build);
+                assertThrows(TranslationException.class, builder::build);
         }
 
         @Test
@@ -37,7 +38,7 @@ class MetamodelBuilderTest {
                                 .reference(courses, university, course, location)
                                 .reference(location, course, course, courses);
 
-                assertThrows(IllegalArgumentException.class, builder::build);
+                assertThrows(TranslationException.class, builder::build);
         }
 
         @Test
@@ -52,6 +53,6 @@ class MetamodelBuilderTest {
                                                 ConstrainedMultiplicity.of(CardinalityIntervals.atLeast(2), invalidMultiplicity),
                                                 university,     courses);
 
-                assertThrows(IllegalArgumentException.class, builder::build);
+                assertThrows(TranslationException.class, builder::build);
         }
 }
diff --git a/subprojects/store-reasoning/src/test/java/tools/refinery/store/reasoning/translator/typehierarchy/TypeHierarchyTest.java b/subprojects/store-reasoning/src/test/java/tools/refinery/store/reasoning/translator/typehierarchy/TypeHierarchyTest.java
index 9fbf2334..931c62dd 100644
--- a/subprojects/store-reasoning/src/test/java/tools/refinery/store/reasoning/translator/typehierarchy/TypeHierarchyTest.java
+++ b/subprojects/store-reasoning/src/test/java/tools/refinery/store/reasoning/translator/typehierarchy/TypeHierarchyTest.java
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ package tools.refinery.store.reasoning.translator.typehierarchy;
 import org.hamcrest.Matchers;
 import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
 import tools.refinery.store.reasoning.representation.PartialRelation;
+import tools.refinery.store.reasoning.translator.TranslationException;
 import tools.refinery.store.representation.TruthValue;
 
 import java.util.Set;
@@ -200,7 +201,7 @@ class TypeHierarchyTest {
                                 .type(c1, c2)
                                 .type(c2, c1);
 
-                assertThrows(IllegalArgumentException.class, builder::build);
+                assertThrows(TranslationException.class, builder::build);
         }
 
         @Test